The Indiana University School of Informatics and affiliated start-up RavenWhite have developed “active cookie” technology to guard against such attacks as phishing, pharming, wireless hijacking, and man-in-the-middle. Active cookies are cached pieces of executable code that can authenticate a browser to a server. While the technology does not work well for roaming users, Indiana University and RavenWhite expect it to be of interest to financial institutions, which will find that active cookies will complement their current authentication measures.