Paulo Morgado

Dynamic resolution as well as named and optional arguments greatly improve the experience of interoperating with COM APIs such as Office Automation Primary Interop Assemblies (PIAs). But, in order to alleviate even more COM Interop development, a few COM-specific features were also added to C# 4.0.

Ommiting ref

Because of a different programming model, many COM APIs contain a lot of reference parameters. These parameters are typically not meant to mutate a passed-in argument, but are simply another way of passing value parameters.

Specifically for COM methods, the compiler allows to declare the method call passing the arguments by value and will automatically generate the necessary temporary variables to hold the values in order to pass them by reference and will discard their values after the call returns. From the point of view of the programmer, the arguments are being passed by value.

This method call:

object fileName = "Test.docx";
object missing = Missing.Value;

document.SaveAs(ref fileName,
    ref missing, ref missing, ref missing,
    ref missing, ref missing, ref missing,
    ref missing, ref missing, ref missing,
    ref missing, ref missing, ref missing,
    ref missing, ref missing, ref missing);

can now be written like this:

document.SaveAs("Test.docx",
    Missing.Value, Missing.Value, Missing.Value,
    Missing.Value, Missing.Value, Missing.Value,
    Missing.Value, Missing.Value, Missing.Value,
    Missing.Value, Missing.Value, Missing.Value,
    Missing.Value, Missing.Value, Missing.Value);

And because all parameters that are receiving the Missing.Value value have that value as its default value, the declaration of the method call can even be reduced to this:

document.SaveAs("Test.docx");

Dynamic Import

Many COM methods accept and return variant types, which are represented in the PIAs as object. In the vast majority of cases, a programmer calling these methods already knows the static type of a returned object form the context of the call, but has to explicitly perform a cast on the returned values to make use of that knowledge. These casts are so common that they constitute a major nuisance.

To make the developer’s life easier, it is now possible to import the COM APIs in such a way that variants are instead represented using the type dynamic which means that COM signatures have now occurrences of dynamic instead of object.

This means that members of a returned object can now be easily accessed or assigned into a strongly typed variable without having to cast.

Instead of this code:

((Excel.Range)(excel.Cells[1, 1])).Value2 = "Hello World!";

this code can now be used:

excel.Cells[1, 1] = "Hello World!";

And instead of this:

Excel.Range range = (Excel.Range)(excel.Cells[1, 1]);

this can be used:

Excel.Range range = excel.Cells[1, 1];

Indexed And Default Properties

A few COM interface features are still not available in C#. On the top of the list are indexed properties and default properties. As mentioned above, these will be possible if the COM interface is accessed dynamically, but will not be recognized by statically typed C# code.

No PIAs – Type Equivalence And Type Embedding

For assemblies indentified with PrimaryInteropAssemblyAttribute, the compiler will create equivalent types (interfaces, structs, enumerations and delegates) and embed them in the generated assembly.

To reduce the final size of the generated assembly, only the used types and their used members will be generated and embedded.

Although this makes development and deployment of applications using the COM components easier because there’s no need to deploy the PIAs, COM component developers are still required to build the PIAs.

The major feature of C# 4.0 is dynamic programming. Not just dynamic typing, but dynamic in broader sense, which means talking to anything that is not statically typed to be a .NET object.

Dynamic Language Runtime

The Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR) is piece of technology that unifies dynamic programming on the .NET platform, the same way the Common Language Runtime (CLR) has been a common platform for statically typed languages.

The CLR always had dynamic capabilities. You could always use reflection, but its main goal was never to be a dynamic programming environment and there were some features missing. The DLR is built on top of the CLR and adds those missing features to the .NET platform.

The Dynamic Language Runtime is the core infrastructure that consists of:

• Expression Trees

  The same expression trees used in LINQ, now improved to support statements.

• Dynamic Dispatch

  Dispatches invocations to the appropriate binder.

• Call Site Caching

  For improved efficiency.

Dynamic languages and languages with dynamic capabilities are built on top of the DLR. IronPython and IronRuby were already built on top of the DLR, and now, the support for using the DLR is being added to C# and Visual Basic. Other languages built on top of the CLR are expected to also use the DLR in the future.

Underneath the DLR there are binders that talk to a variety of different technologies:

• .NET Binder

  Allows to talk to .NET objects.

• JavaScript Binder

  Allows to talk to JavaScript in SilverLight.

• IronPython Binder

  Allows to talk to IronPython.

• IronRuby Binder

  Allows to talk to IronRuby.

• COM Binder

  Allows to talk to COM.

Whit all these binders it is possible to have a single programming experience to talk to all these environments that are not statically typed .NET objects.

The dynamic Static Type

Let’s take this traditional statically typed code:

Calculator calculator = GetCalculator();
int sum = calculator.Sum(10, 20);

Because the variable that receives the return value of the GetCalulator method is statically typed to be of type Calculator and, because the Calculator type has an Add method that receives two integers and returns an integer, it is possible to call that Sum method and assign its return value to a variable statically typed as integer.

Now lets suppose the calculator was not a statically typed .NET class, but, instead, a COM object or some .NET code we don’t know he type of. All of the sudden it gets very painful to call the Add method:

object calculator = GetCalculator();
Type calculatorType = calculator.GetType();
object res = calculatorType.InvokeMember("Add", BindingFlags.InvokeMethod, null, calculator, new object[] { 10, 20 });
int sum = Convert.ToInt32(res);

And what if the calculator was a JavaScript object?

ScriptObject calculator = GetCalculator();
object res = calculator.Invoke("Add", 10, 20);
int sum = Convert.ToInt32(res);

For each dynamic domain we have a different programming experience and that makes it very hard to unify the code.

With C# 4.0 it becomes possible to write code this way:

dynamic calculator = GetCalculator();
int sum = calculator.Add(10, 20);

You simply declare a variable who’s static type is dynamic. dynamic is a pseudo-keyword (like var) that indicates to the compiler that operations on the calculator object will be done dynamically.

The way you should look at dynamic is that it’s just like object (System.Object) with dynamic semantics associated. Anything can be assigned to a dynamic.

dynamic x = 1;
dynamic y = "Hello";
dynamic z = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3 };

At run-time, all object will have a type. In the above example x is of type System.Int32.

When one or more operands in an operation are typed dynamic, member selection is deferred to run-time instead of compile-time. Then the run-time type is substituted in all variables and normal overload resolution is done, just like it would happen at compile-time.

The result of any dynamic operation is always dynamic and, when a dynamic object is assigned to something else, a dynamic conversion will occur.

double x = 1.75;
double y = Math.Abs(x);

dynamic x = 1.75;
dynamic y = Math.Abs(x);

dynamic x = 2;
dynamic y = Math.Abs(x);     

The above code will always be strongly typed. The difference is that, in the first case the method resolution is done at compile-time, and the others it’s done ate run-time.

IDynamicMetaObjectObject

The DLR is pre-wired to know .NET objects, COM objects and so forth but any dynamic language can implement their own objects or you can implement your own objects in C# through the implementation of the IDynamicMetaObjectProvider interface. When an object implements IDynamicMetaObjectProvider, it can participate in the resolution of how method calls and property access is done.

The .NET Framework already provides two implementations of IDynamicMetaObjectProvider:

• DynamicObject : IDynamicMetaObjectProvider

  The DynamicObject class enables you to define which operations can be performed on dynamic objects and how to perform those operations. For example, you can define what happens when you try to get or set an object property, call a method, or perform standard mathematical operations such as addition and multiplication.

• ExpandoObject : IDynamicMetaObjectProvider

  The ExpandoObject class enables you to add and delete members of its instances at run time and also to set and get values of these members. This class supports dynamic binding, which enables you to use standard syntax like sampleObject.sampleMember, instead of more complex syntax like sampleObject.GetAttribute("sampleMember").